B.Sc., B.Ed. Syllabus - Semester VI

SEMESTER – VI

EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT

CODE: VI # IPAS5                                                                      Credits: 2 (1L: 0.5T: 0.5P)

                                                                                                                              Hours: 3/week

Objectives: On completion of the course, the student-teachers will be able to

1.      use different techniques and tools of evaluation.

2.      understand the recent trends in examination practices.

3.      construct different types of graphs and diagrams.

4.      compute measures of central tendency and variation and interpret the results.

5.      calculate correlation coefficient and interpret the results.

6.      conduct action research

UNIT-I: Tools of Evaluation

Techniques of evaluation – Observation, Interview, Case study, Anecdotal record, Cumulative Record and Socio-metric technique. Check list, Rating scale – different types – errors in rating, Questionnaire

UNIT-II: Statistical Measures, Graphical Representations and measures of correlation

Organisation of Data into Frequency Distribution - Measures of Central Tendency – Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode – Use and Interpretation - Measures of Variability – Range, Standard Deviation, Average Deviation and Quartile Deviation - Use and Interpretation. - Graphical Representation of Data and their uses: Bar Diagram, Histogram, Frequency Polygon, Cumulative Frequency Graph (Ogive). Correlation – Meaning and Types of Correlation - Interpretation of Co-efficient of Correlation – Rank Difference Method and Product Moment Method, Scatter Plot.

UNIT-III: Action Research and Programme Evaluation

Types of Research – Basic, Applied and Action Research.  Action Research:  meaning, scope and importance – Steps – Advantages and Limitations. Programme Evaluation: Programme – meaning, scope and importance – Planning for a Programme – Executing the Programme – Evaluating the Programme – Suggesting Steps for improvement.

References:

• Agarwal, J.C. (2009). Essentials of Educational System, Vikas Publishers House Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
• Bhattia, K.K. (2008). Measurement & Evaluation in Education, Tandon Publications, Ludhiana.
• George, David. (2008). Trends in Measurement & Evaluation techniques, Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi.
• Goswami, Marami. (2011). Measurement & Evaluation in Psychology and Education, Neelkamal Publication, New Delhi.
• Linn, Robert L. (2008). Measurement & Assessment in Teaching, Dorling Kuderslay, New Delhi.
• Mangal, S.K. (2009). Statistics in Psychology and Education, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
• Metha, D.D. (2006). Educational Measurement & Evaluation, Tandon Publications, Ludhiyana.
• Mrunalini, T. (2010). Educational Evaluation, Neelkamal Publications, New Delhi.
• Sidhu, K.S. (2007). New approaches to measurement & Evaluation, Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
• Singh, Raj, (2008). Techniques of Measurement & Evaluation, Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi.
• Smith, D. (2007). History of Measurement & Evaluation, Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi.
• Smith, D. (2008). Theory of Educational Measurement, Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi.
• Walton, John.A. (2008). Educational Objectives & Achievement testing, Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi.

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SEMESTER – VI

PEDAGOGY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE – P2

CODE: VI # IPAS3-P2Credits: 4 (3L: 0.5T: 0.5P)

Hours: 5/Week

Objectives: On completion of the course, the student-teachers will be able to

1.      classify the co-curricular activities in Physical Science;

2.      explain the process of evaluation in Physical Science;

3.      recognize  the significance of planning and  teaching Physical Science;

4.      explain the importance of classroom climate and acquire the skill of managing the classroom effectively;

5.      integrate the picture of an ideal Physical Science teacher;

6.      understand the organization of the school plant.

UNIT-I: Evaluation in Physical Science

Concept of Evaluation- Purpose of Evaluation- Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation-  Formative and Summative Evaluation- Achievement tests- Steps in construction- Preparation of Blue print-  Preparation of an Achievement Tests in Physical Science - Administering the test- Various types of Test items- Essay type, Short answer type, Objective type: Completion type, Matching type, Multiple Choice- Merits and limitations  of Essay, Short answer and Objective type-Item Analysis-Diagnostic Tests- Steps in constructing a Diagnostic test- Teacher made test- Standardized tests.

UNIT-II: Planning and Teaching

Significance of planning for effective teaching- Year Plan:  importance and mode of planning- Unit Plan:  definition, characteristics, steps in unit planning, importance of unit planning- Lesson Plan: definition, criteria of a good lesson plan, steps involved in lesson planning (Herbartian Steps), advantages of lesson planning.

UNIT-III:  Teacher Professionalization and Teacher Commitment

Committed teachers, passionate teachers: Dimension of passion associated with teacher commitment and engagement:  Teacher commitment as a passion- teacher – teacher commitment as a unit of time outside the contact hours with students- teacher commitment as focus on the individual needs of students. Teacher commitment as  responsibility to impart knowledge, attitudes, values and beliefs- teacher commitment as maintaining ‘ Professional knowledge’- teacher commitment as  engagement with school and community- importance of teacher commitment for quality enhancement – ways and means of enhancing teacher commitment for teaching professionalization. Academic and Professional Qualifications for a Science teacher- Qualities of a good Science Teacher- Need for Pre-service and In-service training- Professional development of Science Teachers.

UNIT–IV: Teaching and Learning Difficulties

Individual Differences, Language Problem in Learning , problems in providing laboratory equipments to students expectations, Nature of Subjects, Examination and Grading System –Difficulties in establishing a culture of evidence, Teaching and Learning Styles – Classroom behaviour of Teacher and Learner – Importance of Effective Instruction.

UNIT-V:   ICT and Cybernetics in Education

ICT meaning- growth and origin of ICT - traditional and modern ICT, application of ICT  in teaching.  Cybernetics- meaning- definition- theory and mechanism- use in the development of instrumental design- application in Physical Science Education- advantages and disadvantages.

References:

·         Anderson, R.D et. al.(1992). Issues of Curriculum Reform in Science, Mathematics and Higher Order Thinking- Across the Disciplines- The Curriculum Reform Project. U.S.A.: University of Colorado.

·         Carin., & Sund.R. (1989). Teaching Modern Science.U.S.A : Merill Publishing Co.

·         Chauhan, S.S. (1985). Innovation in Teaching and Learning Process. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

·         Falvery, P., Holbrook, J.,& Conian, D. (1994). Assessing Students. Hongkong: Longman Publications.

·         Gupta,S.K.(1985). Training of Physical Science in Secondary Schools. New Delhi: Sterling Publication (Pvt) Limited.

·         Harms, N., & Yager, R. (1981). What Research Says to the Science Teacher? Vol. 3, U.S.A: National Science Teachers Association.

·         Heiss, Oboum., & Hoffman.(1961).Modern Science Teaching. New York: Macmillan & Co, Limited.

·         Husen, T., & Keeves, J.P., (Ed.). (1991). Issues in Science Education. London: Pergamon Press.

·         Jenkins, E.W. (2000). Innovations in Science and Technology Education. Vol. VII, Paris: UNESCO.

·         Joseph.(1966). The Teaching of Science. London: Harvard University Press.

·         Khana, S.D., Sexena, V.R. Lamba, T.P., & Murthy, V. (1976). Technology of Teaching. Doaba Publishing House.

·         Mangal S.K., & Uma Mangal. (1999). Essentials of Educational Technology. New Delhi: PHI Learning (P) Ltd.

·         Natrajan,C. (Ed.). (1997). Activity Based Foundation Course on Science Technology and Society. Mumbai: HomiBhaba Centre for Science Education.

·         Nayak.  (2003). Teaching of Physics. New Delhi: APH Publications.

·         Owen, C.B. (1966). Method of Science Mastery. English Language Society and Macmillan Company Limited.

·         Pandey. (2003). Major Issues in Science Teaching. New Delhi: Sumit Publications.

·         Paneerselvam, A., & Rajendiran,K. (2005). Teaching of Physical Science. Chennai: Shantha Publication.

·         PanneerSelvam, A. (1976). Teaching of Physical Science (Tamil). Chennai: Government of Tamil Nadu.

·         Popham, W.J. (2010). Classroom Assessment: What teachers need to know (6th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.

·         Radha Mohan. (2007). Innovative Science Teaching for Physical Science Teachers.New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

·         Rao, C.S.(1968). Science Teachers Handbook. American Peace Crops.

·         Sampath,K.(1981). Introduction to Education Technology. Sterling Publishers.

·         Sharma, P.C. (2006). Modern Science Teaching. New Delhi: Dhanpat Rai Publications,

·         Sharma, R.C. (2009). Modern Science Teaching. Meerut: Dhanpat Rai and Sons.

·         Siddiqui & Siddiqui. (1985).Teaching of Science Today and Tomorrow. New Delhi: Doals House.

·         SonikaRajan. (2012). Methodology of Teaching Science.New Delhi:Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.Ltd.

·         Thurber,W.A., &Collette,A.T.(1964). Teaching Science in Today's Secondary School. NewDelhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

·         Williams, B., (1999). Internet for Teachers. London: John Wiley & Sons.

·         Yadav, M.S. (2003). Teaching of Science. New Delhi: Anmol Publications.

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SEMESTER – VI

PEDAGOGY OF MATHEMATICS – P2

CODE: VI # IPAS4-P2Credits: 4 (3L: 0.5T: 0.5P)

Hours: 5/Week

Objectives : On completion of the course, the student-teachers will be able to

1.      understand the importance of non- scholastic activities in Mathematics;

2.      develop the knowledge of process of evaluation;

3.      develop competence writing lesson plan and in teaching mathematics;

4.      develop the professional growth and commitment to profession of teaching

5.      understand  the importance of classroom climate

6.      acquire the skill of managing classroom effectively

7.      develop the skill and competencies to maintain records.

UNIT-I: Evaluation of Mathematics Learning

Assessment of Mathematics Learning – Developing blue-print for designing question paper, item construction, marking schemes, question - wise analysis, framing of questions based on concepts and sub-concepts so as to encourage critical thinking, promote logical reasoning and to discourage mechanical manipulation of rote learning, framing of open ended questions providing the scope to learning to give responses in their own words, framing of conceptual questions from simple questions.

UNIT -II: Planning for Teaching-Learning Mathematics

Macro teaching - Lesson Plan, Unit Plan, Year plan - Herbartian steps - Format of a typical lesson plan – G.I.O’s & S.I.O’s - Teaching aids - Motivation, Presentation, Application, Recapitulation and Assignment

UNIT-III: Teacher Professionalization and Teacher Commitment

Committed teachers, passionate teachers: Dimension of passion associated with teacher commitment and engagement:  Teacher commitment as a passion- teacher – teacher commitment as a unit of time outside the contact hours with students- teacher commitment as a focus on the individual needs of students. Teacher commitment as a responsibility to impart knowledge, attitudes, values and beliefs- teacher commitment as maintaining ‘ Professional knowledge’- teacher commitment as engagement with school and community- importance of teacher commitment for quality enhancement – ways and means of enhancing teacher commitment for teaching professionalization. Qualities and skills of mathematics teachers – General qualities, personal qualities and specific qualities.

UNIT-IV: Teaching and Learning Difficulties

Individual Differences, Language Problem In Learning - Nature of subjects, Examination and grading system - Teaching and Learning styles - Classroom behaviour of Teacher and Learner - Difficulties in Learning Mathematics: Dyscalculia - Mathematics Phobia - Dysgraphia - Mathematics Anxiety - Difficulties in handling mathematical instrument - Causes, Problems and its remedial measures .

UNIT-V: ICT and Cybernetics in Education

ICT meaning- growth and origin of ICT - traditional and modern ICT - application of ICT in –teaching.  Cybernetics- meaning- definition- theory and mechanism- use in the development of instrumental design- its application in Mathematics education- advantages and limitations.

References:

·         Aggarwal,J.C.(2008).Teaching of Mathematics. Uttar Pradesh:Vikas publishing House Pvt Ltd.

·         Bagyanathan,D.(2007).Teaching of Mathematics.Chennai:Tamil Nadu Text Book Society.

·         Bhatia,K.K.(2001).Foundations of Teaching Learning Process. Ludhiana:Tandon Publication.

·         Bishop,G.D.(1965).Teaching Mathematics in Secondary School. London: Collins publication.

·         Bolt,B.(2003).Mathematical Pandora's box. NewDelhi:Cambridge University press.

·         Boyer, Carl B. (1969). A History of Mathematics. New York, WileyPublications.

·         Butter,C.H. (1965).The Teaching of Secondary Mathematics.London:McGraw Hill book company.

·         Driscoll, M.(1999). Fostering Algebraic Thinking: A Guide for teachers, grades 5-10. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Publications.

·         Ediger,M.,&BhaskaraRao, D.B.(2004).Teaching Mathematics Successfully. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House.

·         Goel, Amit. (2006). Learn and Teach Mathematics. Delhi: Authors press.

·         Grouws, D.A. (1992). Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning. New York: Macmillan Publishing.

·         Gupta H.N., & Shankaran V. (1984). Content cum Methodology of Teaching Mathematics.New Delhi: NCERT.

·         Hoglum,L. (1967). Mathematics for the Million. London: Pan Books Limited.

·         Iyengar, K.N. (1964).Teaching of Mathematics. New Delhi: A Universal Publication.

·         James,  Anice. (2005). Teaching of Mathematics. New Delhi: Neelkamal Publication.

·         Joyce,  well.(2004).Models of Teaching.  London: Prentice hall of India.

·         Kapur S.K. (2005).Learn and Teach Vedic Mathematics. New Delhi: Lotus Publication.

·         Kulshreshtha, Teaching of Mathematics.London: R. Lal and Sons.

·         Kumar Sudhir, Teaching of Mathematics.New Delhi: Anmol Publications.

·         Land,F.W.(1966). New approaches to Mathematics Teaching. New Delhi: MacMillan and St.Martin's press. .

·         Mangal S.K. (2013).Teaching of Mathematics.Ludhiana:  Tandon publications.

·         Mangal,S.K.,&Mangal,S.(2005). Essentials of Educational Technology and Management. Meerut: Loyal book depot.

·         Muijs, Daniel.,& Reynolds, David. (2005). Effective Teaching: Evidence and Practice.London: Sage Publication.

·         Nickson, Marilyn. (2000).Teaching and Learning Mathematics: A Guide to Recent Research and Its Applications. New York: Continuum Press.

·         Nunes, T., & Bryant, P. ((1997). Learning and Teaching Mathematics: An International Perspective. London: Psychology Press.

·         Parthasarathy,N. (1961). KanithamKarpithal. Chennai: The South India SaivaSidhantha works. .

·         Pratap,N.(2008).Teaching of Mathematics. Meerut:R.Lall Books depot.

·         Schwartz,  James E.(1994). Essentials of Classroom Teaching Elementary Mathematics. London: Allyn and  Bacon Publication.

·         Sharan,R., &Sharma,M. (2006).Teaching of Mathematics, New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation.

·         Sharma,R.A. (2008).Technological Foundations of Education. Meerut:R.Lall Books Depot.

·         Siddizui, M.H.(2005).Teaching of Mathematics.New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation.

·         Sidhu,K.S. (2006).Teaching of Mathematics. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers private limited.

·         Singh,M. (2006).Modern Teaching of Mathematics. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.

 

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SEMESTER – VI

PEDAGOGY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE – P2

CODE: VI # IPAS4-P2Credits: 4 (3L: 0.5T: 0.5P)

Hours: 5/Week

Objectives: On completion of the course, the student-teachers will be able to

1.      appreciate the importance of non scholastic activities in biological science;

2.      understand the purpose of evaluation in Biological Science;

3.      accept the need for planning before  teaching of  Biological science;

4.      develop interest to enhance the  teacher professionalism and teacher commitment as  biological science teachers;

5.      explain the classroom climate and classroom management;

6.      understand the importance of organization and maintenance of the institute.

UNIT-I: Evaluation in Biological Science

Introduction-Concept of evaluation- formative, summative evaluation,  construction of achievement tests and its types- Diagnostic, Prognostic tests, criterion and norm referenced tests – Principles of test construction  -blue print - question bank- Tools of Evaluation, Written Examination, Online examination- Grading system.

UNIT-II: Planning for Teaching Biological Science

Introduction-Yearly planning in biological science, Importance of unit plan in biological science, Unit formulation in biological science, steps involved in unit planning, Merits and Demerits of unit plan. Major differences between unit plan and lesson plan, Importance of lesson planning- writing instructional objectives and planning for specific behavioural changes, Approaches in writing lesson plan, Herbatian Approach.

Classroom Communication:Types of communication – explaining, modeling and demonstrating. Role of motivation – rewards, praise, feedback and motivating individuals and class as a whole – key principles for effective learning and building positive relationships in classrooms.

UNIT-III: Teacher Professionalization and Teacher Commitment

Introduction-Committed teachers, passionate teachers: Dimension of passion associated with teacher commitment and engagement:  Teacher commitment as passion- teacher – teacher commitment as a unit of time outside the contact hours with students- teacher commitment as  focus on the individual needs of students. Teacher commitment as  responsibility to impart knowledge, attitudes, values and beliefs- teacher commitment as maintaining ‘ Professional knowledge’- teacher commitment as engagement with school and community- importance of teacher commitment for quality enhancement – ways and means of enhancing teacher commitment for teaching professionalization. Need and types of professional growth, role in fostering creativity, equipment maintenance, attending pre - service and in-service training by NCERT and allied agencies. Qualities and competencies of Science teachers - Academic Qualification, Professional training and special qualities required for biology teachers

UNIT–IV: Teaching and Learning Difficulties

Individual differences, Language problem in learning – Nature of subjects, Examination and grading system – Teaching and Learning styles – Classroom behaviour of Teacher and Learner - Interest and Attitude of students towards learning – Difficulties in Learning Biological Science – Slow learners and gifted learners in Biological Science – Remedial and Enrichment programmes.

UNIT-V:   ICT and Cybernetics in Education

ICT meaning- growth and origin of ICT - traditional and modern ICT application of ICT  in teaching.  Cybernetics- meaning- definition- theory and mechanism- use in the development of instrumental design- application in Biological Science education- advantages and disadvantages.

References:

           

·         Aggarwal .D.D. (2008).Modern Method of Teaching Biology. New Delhi: Karanpaper backs.

·         Arulselvi, E. (2007).Teaching of Science. Chennai: Saradha Publication.

·         Bhandala, Chadha., & Khanna. (1985).Teaching Of Science.New Delhi: PrakashBrothers Educational Publishers.

·         Bhatnakar,A.D. (2004). Teaching of Science. Meerut: Surya Publications.

·         Buffaloe, Neal.,&Throneberry, J. B. (1972). Principles of Biologyteaching. New Delhi: Prentice – Hall of India Limited.

·         Frost Jenny., & Turner Tony. (2005).Learning to teach Science inSecondary school.New York:  Routledge Palmer Publication.

·         Garrett. (1979). Statistics in Psychology and Education. Bombay: Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd.

·         Green, T. L. (1965). The teaching of biology in tropical secondary schools. London: Oxford University Press.

·         Harms, N., &Yager, R. (1981). What research says to the scienceteacher (Vol. 3). Washingdon: National Science Teachers Association.

·         Heiss. E. D., Obown, S., &Hoftman, C. W. (1961). Modern scienceteaching.New Delhi: Macmillian Company Press.

·         Khana, S.D,et al. (1976). Technology of science teaching.New Delhi: Doaba House. Natrajan, C. (1997). Activity based foundation course on sciencetechnology and society. Mumbai: Homi Bhaba Centre for Science Education.

·         Korde., & Sawant.(1980).Science and Scientific Method.New Delhi: Himalaya Publishing House.

·         Passi, B. K. (1976). Becoming a Better Teacher: Micro teaching approach. Ahemedabad: Sahitya Mudranalaya.

·         Prasad Janardhan. (1999).Practical aspects in Teaching of Science. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication.

·         Saunders, H. N. (1967). The teaching of general science in tropicalsecondary school. London: Oxford University Press.

·         Sharma, Jagdish. (2006).Models of Teaching Science. Jaipur: Raj Publishing House.

·         Veena Rani Pandey. (2004).Major Issues in Science Teaching. Summit Enterprises.

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SEMESTER-VI

MATHEMATICS – PAPER - X

COMPLEX ANALYSIS

CODE: VI#M10                                                                                Credits: 3 (2L:1T:0P)

HOURS: 4/Week

Objectives: To enable students to

1. apply modern treatment of concepts and techniques of Complex Function Theory.

2. understand methods to solve problems in pure as well as in Applied Mathematics.

3. learn complex number system, complex function and complex integration.  

UNIT – I: Analytic function: functions of complex variables – Limit continuity – Uniform

continuity – Analytic function – C-R equation.                                     

UNIT – II:Bilinear transformation – Definitions – Definition of Conformal Mapping –

Necessary and sufficient condition for conformal mapping – The transformations w = az + b, w = 1/z, w = z²

UNIT – III : Complex Integration: Rectifiable arcs, Contour’s – complex line integration – 

Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy – Goursat theorem (statement only) – Cauchy’s Integral formula - Cauchy’s integral formula for first order derivative – Cauchy’s formula for higher order derivatives (without proof).                                

UNIT – IV: Taylor’s and Laurents’s Series (statement only), Residue Calculus – Zeros and

Poles of a function – Meromorphic function – The Residue at a pole – Residue Theorem –  Argument principle – Rouche’s Theorem (simple problems)  

UNIT – V: Contour integration, Evaluation of

i) ò f (cosq , sinq) dq

ii) ò f dx where f(x) is a rational polynomial having no poles on the Real Axis

iii) òf(x)  cos mx dx,  where m > 0 and f(x) is a rational function having no poles on

    the Real Axis.                                                        

Recommended Books:

·         R.V. Churchill and J.W Browm (1990), Complex variable and application (5^th edition) McGraw Hill International Book Co., New York.

·         T.K. Manickavachagom Pillay, Dr. S.P. Rajagopalan, Dr. R. Sattanathan (2011), Complex Analysis, S. Viswanathan (Printers and Publishers), Pvt.Ltd.

·         P. Duraipandian & Laxmi Duraipandian, Complex Analysis, Emerald Publisher, Chennai – 2. 1997.

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SEMESTER-VI

PHYSICS – PAPER - 6

OPTICS, SPECTROSCOPY AND LASER

CODE: VI # P6                                                                                    Credits: 4 (3L:0T:1P)

Hours: 5/Week

Objectives: To enable students to

•         understand the concepts of Dispersion of Light , interference, diffraction and polarization of light waves and their applications

•         study the principles of MW, IR, Raman and Resonance Spectroscopy and its applications.

•         understand the working principle of Lasers , and their applications

•         study different types of optical fiber and its applications.

UNIT-I: Geometrical Optics

Fermat’s Principle - Dispersion of Light - Dispersive Power - Deviation without dispersion - Dispersion without deviation- Constant deviation Prism- Constant deviation spectroscope- Aberration- Spherical aberration- methods of minimizing spherical aberration - Chromatic aberration of a lens – Lateral chromatic aberration - Eyepiece- Huygen’s eyepiece - Ramsden’s eyepiece.- Fourier optics (Basic concept only).

UNIT-II : Physical Optics

Interference - Condition for sustained interference of light - Fresnel’s Prism - colors of thin films due to transmission - Michelson Interferometer and its applications. Fresnel & Fraunhofer diffraction - Zone plate - construction - theory- Diffraction at straight edge -Plane transmission grating - theory - Determination of l of light using grating (Normal Incidence) - Polarization - double refraction -Nicol prism - Theory of Production of elliptically and circularly polarized light - Quarter wave plate - Half- wave Plate-Detection of plane , circularly and elliptically polarized light - Optical activity.

UNIT-III: Microwave and Infrared Spectroscopy

Theory of Microwave spectroscopy - diatomic molecule as a rigid rotator-Instrumentation. IR - Range of IR radiation - theory of IR absorption spectroscopy - theory of vibrational diatomic molecule as anharmonic oscillator - Instrumentation.

UNIT -IV: Raman and Resonance Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy: Principle - characteristics and properties of Raman lines - Difference between Raman and IR spectra - quantum theory – Perkin Elemer Raman spectrometer. Resonance Spectroscopy: ESR, NMR, NQR (Principle & Theory only).

UNIT -V: LASER and Fiber Optics

Basic ideas of Lasers - stimulated emission and radiation – Population inversion - He- Ne Lasers - Semiconductor Lasers - Laser Raman Spectroscopy- Holography - Principle and method - applications –Optical fiber and its importance - Types of fibers-Propagation of light waves in optical fiber - acceptance angle and cone - Numerical aperture- modes of propagation- Applications.

Reference Books

•         R. Murugesan, Kiruthiga sivaprasath, Optics and Spectroscopy, S.Chand & Company Ltd, 7th Revised Edition. 2010.

•         Gurdeep R. Agarwal and Sham K.Anand - Spectroscopy (atomic and molecular), Himalaya Publishing House, 2004.

•         Laser and fiber Optics, by the Department of Physics.

•         S.L.Kakni, K.C. Bhandari, A text book of Optics, S.Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 2002.

•         N. Subramanyam, Brijal. A Text Book of Optics S.Chand and Company Ltd., New      Delhi.

•         B.B.Laud Lasers and Non-Linear Optics.

•         H.S. Randhawa, Modern Molecular Spectroscopy, Macmillan India Ltd.

Physics Practical – VI

Paper – VI

Any Seven Practical

1.      Logic gates – by discrete components.

2.      Series and Parallel resonance.

3.      Convex lens – f, R and m.

4.      Concave lens – f, Rand m.

5.      Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter.

6.      Conversion of galvanometer into an voltmeter.

7.      Acceptance angle, Numerical Aperture – fibre optic cable.

8.      L,C,R – series resonance .

9.      L,C,R – parallel resonance .

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SEMESTER-VII

PHYSICS – PAPER – 7

MAJOR-BASED ELECTIVE - I

ENERGY PHYSICS

CODE: VI # P7.1                                                                                 Credits: 4 (3L:0T:1P)

Hours: 5/Week

Objectives: To enable students to

•         study the power potential of the Sun and its utility.

•         study the principle and performance of harnessing solar and other alternative  energy sources.

•         understand the availability and practical usage of solar energy in various forms and other alternative energy sources.

UNIT I: Solar Energy

An overview of thermal application and solar radiation - energy alternatives - devices for thermal collection and storage - thermal applications – Water heating - Space heating - Power generation - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shine

UNIT II: Flat-Plate Collectors & Solar Air Heaters

Performance analysis - -Transmissivity of the cover system based on reflection - Refraction - Absorption - Transimissivity for diffuse radiation - Transmissivity - Absorptivity product

UNIT III: Concentrating Collectors and Thermal Energy Storage

General characteristics - Definitions - Methods of classifications – Thermal energy storage - Sensible heat storage - Liquids - Solids - Latent heat storage - Thermal and chemical storage

UNIT IV: Photo Conversion

Photovoltaic conversion - Single crystal silicon cell - Principle and working of solar cells - Conversion efficiency - Single crystal silicon – Polycrystalline and amorphous silicon--Cadmium sulphide - Cadmium telluride – copper indium diselenide

UNIT V: Other Forms of Energy

Wind energy - Recent developments - Energy from biomass - Direct methods - Indirect methods ~ Wave energy - Vegetation for fuel - Bio-diesel – Plants for Bio-diesel- Physical and chemical properties of Bio-diesel.

Reference Books

•         P. Sukhatme, Solar energy (Second edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.

•         G.D.Rai, Solar Energy Utilization, Khanna publishers (New Delhi).

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SEMESTER-VI

PHYSICS – PAPER – 7

MAJOR-BASED ELECTIVE - II

ASTROPHYSICS

CODE: VI # P7.2                                                                                 Credits: 4 (3L:0T:1P)

Hours: 5/Week

Objectives: To enable students to

•         impart an understanding of the great number of diverse phenomena in the     Universe through Physics

•         understand the solar system

•         understand the life in universe.

UNIT - I: Elements of Space Dynamics

Man’s quest for space - the energy requirements - Rocket propulsion -suborbital flights - Artificial earth satellites - Lunar and planetary probes.

           

UNIT- II: The Heart of the Solar System

Vital statistics of the Sun - the solar photosphere - the Fraunhoffer lines -structure of solar atmosphere - the solar interior - Sunspots and solar activity - other features of the solar activity - Radio studies of the quiet Sun – Radio radiation of the disturbed Sun.

UNIT - III: Small Bodies in the Solar System

Asteroids - Meteorites - Comets as members of the Solar system – Physical properties of comets - Origin and evolution of comets - Space studies of comets - Meteors - an inventory of satellites - the large satellites - Medium, small and tiny satellites - Planetary rings.

UNIT - IV: Our Home and the Nearest Neighbour

EARTH: Gross properties - internal structure - the terrestrial atmosphere - the Earth’s magnetic field - motions - Solar terrestrial relations - the Earth in space - atmospheric circulation in the troposphere. MOON: Some basic facts - telescopic studies - internal structure - surface features - Origin of the Moon - the lunar environment - Solar and Lunar eclipses.

UNIT - V: Life in the Universe

Nature of life on Earth - A survey of objects in the Solar System - Pre Mariner search for life on Mars - Post-Mariner search for life on Mars - Life outside the Solar system - the search for life in the Universe.

Reference Books:  Astrophysics of the Solar System - KD Abhyankar, Universities Press India Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad, 1999.

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SEMSTER-Vi

Chemistry – paper-vi

THEMODYNAMICS AND QUANTUM chemistry

CODE: VI # C6                                                                                    Credits: 4 (3L: 0T: 1P)

Hours: 5/Week

Course objective: To know and understand what is quantum mechanics, various fundamental concepts as well as about thermodynamics, different laws in thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, free energy various processes

Unit – I: Quantum Mechanics I

Electron and old quantum Theory, Rutherford scattering experiments Rutherford atomic models Quantum Theory of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Bohrs Theory of hydrogen atom alternative explanation for the emission of fine spectrum

Unit – II: Quantum Mechanics II   

Dual character of electron debrogile’s equation, the Davison Germens experiment Heisenberg uncertainty principle Compton effect, Quantum Mechanics, Schrodinger wave equation (No Derivation) Zeeman effect, Pauli’s exclusion principle      

Unit –III: Thermodynamics I

Definitions of thermodynamic terms – intensive and extensive variables, isolated, closed and open systems. Thermodynamic processes, cyclic processes, reversible and irreversible processes, thermodynamic functions and their differentials, Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Concepts of heat and work.

Unit – IV: Thermodynamics II

First law of thermodynamics and internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), relation between Cp and Cv Calculations of w,q,dU and dH for expansion of ideal gas under isothermal and adiabatic conditions, for reversible and irreversible processes including free expansion, Joule’s law, Joule Thomon coefficient.

Unit – V: Thermodynamics III

Application of first law of thermodynamics – Hess’s law of constant heat summation, Enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of dilution, enthalpy of neutralization, enthalpy of ionization and enthalpy of formation of ions. Bond dissociations energy, Born –Haber cycle for calculation of lattice energy, Kirchoff’s equation, relation between   ∆H and ∆U of a reaction. Spontaneous processes, heat engine, Carnot cycle and its efficiency, statements of second law, Nernst heat theorem, third law of thermodynamic.

Text Books:

·         P.W. Atkins, “Physical Chemistry” Oxford publishers, 11^th edition, 2009

·         D. A. McQuarrie, “Quantum Chemistry” University Science Books, Mil Valley, California, 7^th edition 1983.

·         S. Glasstone, “Thermodynamics for Chemist” EastWest Press, 6^th edition, 1999

Reference Books:

·         P.L. Soni, “Text Book of Physical Chemistry” Sultan Chand & sons. 2th edition, 2011

·         Kundu and Jain, “Physical Chemistry” S. Chand, 6^th edition, 2011

·         S. Glasstone, “Text Book of Physical Chemistry” –Macmillan. 7^th edition 2012

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CHEMISTRY

PRACTICAL-VI

Preparations.

1.      Preparation of Parabromoacetanalide

2.      Preparation of benzoic acid from benzaldehyde

3.       Preparation of methyl salicylate

4.       Preparation of metadinitro benzene

5.      Preparation of methyl orange

6.       Preparation of Picric acid

7.      Preparation involving benzoylation technique

8.      Preparation involving Esterification method

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SEMESTER-VI

BOTANY – PAPER - VII

GENETICS, BIOSTATISTICS & EVOLUTION

Code: VI # B7                                                                                        Credits: 4 (3L:0T:1P)

Hours: 5/Week

Objectives: To enable students to

1.      studyMendeliangenetics,recombinationofchromosomes,structure and function of genes and their various units

2.      educate on mutation

3.      impart knowledge on biostatistics and its applications biological experiments

4.      understand the mechanism of evolution and study of population genetics

Unit - I

Genetics:Mendel’slaws,monohybrid,dihybrid,backcrossandtestcross. Allelicinteractions: Incompletedominanceandco-dominance–complementary factor hypothesis, epitasis (Dominant and recessive), Non-allelic interaction– Lethal factor, Multiple factor hypothesis

Unit - II

Recombination – Linkage &crossing over inLathyrusodoratus, eye colour in Drosophilaandcolour blindness inman.Cytoplasmic inheritance. Sex determination in plants and Drosophila.

Functional units of gene– cistron, recon, muton, codon and operon concept (lac). Mutation – classification, types, mechanism (physical and chemical mutagens) and application (role of mutation in evolution)

Unit - III

Biostatistics: Definition and scope. Sampling techniques: Sample, population, Random  and  non –  random  sampling techniques.   Data – Types ofdata. Presentation of data – Graphical methods: Histogram, Bar and Pie diagrams.

Unit - IV

Measures of central tendency – Mean, median and  mode. Measures of dispersion–  range,  variance,  Standard  DeviationandStandardError.Chi Square analysis. Correlation and its types: Probability Distribution– normal, binomial and Poisson distribution.

Unit - V

Evolution – Evolutionary concepts– Theories of Lamarck, Charles Darwin and themodernsynthetictheories.Populationgenetics–gene pool,genefrequency and Hardy–Weinberg law. Factors affecting gene frequencies.

References:

GENETICS

·         Adrin,M.S.R.B.,Owen,R.D.andEdger,R.S.(1979).GeneralGenetics.In: Mendelism. Eurasia Publishing House (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

·         Agarwal, V.K. (2000). Simplifiedcourse in Genetics (B.Sc., Zoology).S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.

·         Ahluwalia, K.B. (1990).Genetics. Wiley Eastern Ltd., Madras.

·         Chandrasekaran,S.N.andParathasarathy,S.V.(1965).Cytogeneticsand PlantBreeding. P. Varadhachari & Co., Madras.

·         Daniel Sundararaj, D. and Thulsidas, G. (1972). Introduction to Cytogenetics & PlantBreeding(3rdEd.). Popular Book Depot, Madras.

·         Gardner,E.J.andSnusted,D.P.(1984).PrinciplesofGenetics(7thedition). John Wiley & Sons, New York.

·         Gupta, P.K. (2000).Genetics. Rastogi  Publishers, Meerut.

·         Herskowitz, I.H. (1977). Principles of Genetics(2nd Ed.). MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc.,New York.

·         Hexter,W.andYost,H.T.Jr.(1977).TheScienceofGenetics.PrenticeHall of India (P) Ltd., NewDelhi.

·         Jain,H.K.(1999).Genetics-Principles,Concepts&Implications.Oxford&IBH PublishingCo.,(P) Ltd., New Delhi.

·         Lewin, B. (1990).GenesIV.  Oxford University Press, Oxford.

·         Meyyan, R.P. (2000).Genetics & Evolution. SarasPublication, Nagercoil.

·         Palaniyappan,S.(1987).Marabiyal(Genetics-InTamil).V.K.PublishingHouse, Madras.

·         Pandey, B.P. (2012). Cytology, Geneticsand Molecular Genetics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Ltd., New Delhi.

·         Renganathan, T.K. and Shanmugavel, S. (1996). Genetics & Genetic Engineering. Commercial Offset Printers, Sivakasi.

·         Sandhya  Mitra(1994).Genetics-ABluePrintofLife.TataMcGraw-Hill Private Ltd., New Delhi.

·         Sarin,C.(1994).Genetics.TataMcGraw-HillEducationPrivateLtd.,New Delhi.

·         Singleton,R.(1963).ElementaryGenetics.D.VanNostrandCo.,Ltd.Inc.,New York.

·         Sinha,U.andSinha,S.(1989).Cytogenetics,PlantBreeding&Evolution. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.

·         Sinnott,E.W.,Dunn,L.C.andDobshansky,J.(1958).PrinciplesofGenetics (5thEdition) McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New York.

·         Strickberger,M.W.(1976).Genetics(2nd Ed.).MacMillanPublishingCo. Inc., New York

·         Watson,J.D.(1977).MolecularBiologyoftheGene.W.A.BenjaminInc., California.

·         Winchester, A.M. (1958). Genetics (3rd  Ed.). Oxford & IBH Publishing House, Calcutta.

·         Winter, P.C., Hickey, G.I. and Fletcher, H.L. (1999). Instant Notesin Genetics.Viva Books(P) Ltd., New Delhi, Mumbai,Chennai.

BIOSTATISTICS

·         Nageswara Rao,G.(1983).StatisticsforAgriculturalScience.Oxford&IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

·         Olive,J.D.(1995).  BasicStatistics-APrimerfortheBiomedicalSciences. John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi.

EVOLUTION

·         Gottlieb,LD.andJain,S.K.(1988).PlantEvolutionaryBiology.Chapman& Hall, London.

·         Savage,J.M.(1969).Evolution (2nd Ed.).AmerindPublishing(P)Ltd.,New Delhi.

·         Shukla, R.S. and Chandel, P.S. (1996). Cytogenetics, Evolution & Plant Breeding.   S. Chand& Company Ltd., New Delhi.

·         Sproule,A.(1998).CharlesDarwinScientistswhohavechangedtheworld. Orient Longmans, Hyderabad.

·         Verma,P.S.andAgarwal,V.K.(1999).Concepts ofEvolution.S. Chand& Company Ltd., New Delhi.

PRACTICAL - VII

PAPER – VII: GENETICS, BIOSTATISTICS & EVOLUTION

1.       Problemsonsimplemonohybridanddihybridratios.Simpleproblemson interaction on factors included in the theory.

2.       Simpleexperimentstodeterminethemean,medianandmode. Illustration of graphic representation of data using simple analysis.

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SEMESTER – VI  

ZOOLOGY – PAPER – VI

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

CODE: VI # Z6                                                                                     Credits: 4 (2L:1T:1P)

Hours: 6/Week

Objectives: To enable students to

1.      understand how the body functions adapts with respect to its external and internal environment, related to nervous integration, sensation, metabolism and reproduction.

Unit – I

Introduction - Scope and fields of Physiology - Food requirements - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, water and vitamins. Enzymes - properties and classification - mechanism of enzyme action - Digestion - Intracellular and Extracellular - Digestive enzymes and their role in digestion - Absorption. Metabolism - Metabolic pathways with reference to Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids - Glycogenesis - Glycogenolysis - Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis - Kreb's cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron Transport System - Deamination - Fate of Keto acids - Nitrogen metabolism - Beta oxidation of fatty acids - Basal metabolism.

Unit – II

Respiration - External and Internal (Tissue) respiration - Respiratory pigments - disibution, composition, properties and functions - Adaptations to high altitude and diving. Transport of oxygen and carbondioxide - Anaerobiosis Circulation - Types - Composition, Properties and functions of blood - Types of Heart. Human - Cardiac cycle - Cardiac rhythm - origin of heart beat - regulation of heart beat - ECG - Blood pressure .

Unit – III

Excretion - Organs in animals - Kinds of excretory products - ornithine cycle - mechanisms of urine formation in mammals - hormonal regulation of excretion. Homeostasis - regulatory mechanisms - osmoconformers osmoregulators -  Thermoregulation - acclimation and acclimatization - heat death - cold death - poikilotherms - heterotherms - homeotherms - temperature regulation in poikilotherms and homeotherms - physiology of hibernation - aestivation Biorhythms - definition, types and examples and adaptive significance.

Unit – IV

Nervous tissue - Neuron - structure, types of neurons and their distribution - giant nerve fibres - myelinated nerve fibres. Nerve Impulse - definition - conduction of impulse - saltatory conduction - synapse - synaptic transmission of impulses - Neurotransmitte, Autonomic nervous systern. Muscle proteins - mechanism of contraction - Con cycle - Theories of muscle contraction - Muscle twitch - Tetanus - Muscle Fatigue - Isotonic and isomoetric contraction - Aerobic and Isometric exercises. Bioluminescence - Definition, types, chemistry and adaptive significance - chromatophores

Unit – V

Endocrine glands - structure, secretions and functions of endocrine glands in vertebrates - Pituitary, Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Thymus, islets of Langerhans, Sex organs - Gastrointestinal hormones - Hormones of Insects and Crustaceans. Receptors - Classification - chemoreceptors - touch receptors - equilibrium receptors-Photoreceptor - vertebrate mammalian eye - Structure of retina - Visual pigments - Physiology of vision - Binocular vision - adaptation to darkness - Compound eyes and Mosaic vision. Phonoreceptors - Mammalian ear - organ of corti - working mechanism - Phono reception in Birds.

References:

1.      Sambasivaiah, Kamalakara Rao and Augustine Chellappa. (1990). A textbook of Animal Physiology and Ecology. New Delhi: S.Chand & Co. Ltd., 480 pp.

2.      Parameswaran, Anantakrishnan and Ananta Subramanian. (1975). Outlines of Aniimal Physiology, S. Viswanathan (Printers & Publishers) Pvt. Ltd., 329 pp.

3.      William S. Hoar. (1976). General and Comparative Physiology. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 848 pp.

4.      Wood, D.W. (1983). Principles of Animal Physiology, 3rd Ed.,

5.      Prosser C.L. (1985). Comparative Animal Physiology. Agra: Satish Book Enterprise, 966

*****

PRACTICAL – VI

PAPER – VI:  ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

1.      Qualitative and quantitative tests for proteins,

2.      Qualitative tests for carbohydrates and fats

3.      Human salivary amylase activity in relation to Temperature and pH.

4.      Identification of Nitrogenous waste products

Spotters:

 Haemoglobinometer,

 Kymograph,

 Sphygmomanometer.

 Models

 Amino acids,

 Haemoglobin,

 ATP,

 Steroids.

*****

SEMESTER-VI

ZOOLOGY – PAPER - VII

MAJOR BASED ELECTIVE - 1

Economic Entomology & Pest Management

CODE: VI # Z7.1                                                                                 Credits: 4 (2L:1T:1P)

Hours: 6/Week

Objectives: To enable students to

1.      enlighten the students on beneficial and harmful insects, their biology, their nature of damage and their management measures.

2.      understand about pests which attack our crops and their management measures.

Unit – I

Brief account of morphology, classification (Major orders) and development (Metamorphosis) of insects.

Unit – II

Beneficial and harmful insects. Economic importance of honeybees, silk worm and lac insect - parasitic and predatory insects. Damages to plants, animals and man by insects. Brief account of any three pests of 1. Rice, Cholam and Pulses 2. Sugar cane 3. Cotton 4. Goundnut, Gingely and Coconut 5. Brinjal, Tomato and Lady's finger 6. Cardomam, Chillies, Tea and Coffee 7. Mango and Citrus.

Unit – III

Insect pests of stored grains - Insect vectors of plants, animals and man - Other insects affecting the health of man and domestic animals.

Unit – IV

Insect pest control methods (Physical, mechanical, biological and chemical) - Classification of pesticides and their modes of action.

Unit – V

Insects and Diseases: Mode of transmissionpathogens and epidemiology of typhoid fever, dengue, plague. Plant protection appliances used - basic principles of insecticide formulations and their application in pest control. Pesticides and environmental pollution - precautions in handling pesticides.

References

·         David, B.V. (1992). Pest Management and Pesticides Indian Scenario. Madras: Namratha Publications.

·         David, B.V. and T. Kumarasamy, (1984). Elements of Economic Entomology. Madras: Popular Book Depot.

·         Metcalf, C.L. and W.P. Flint. (1973). Destructive and Useful Insects. 4^th ed., New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co Ltd.

·         Nayar, K.K. T.N. Ananthakrishan and B.V. David. (1992). General and Applied Entomology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co Ltd.,

·         Ramkrishna Iyer, T.V. (xxxx). Economic Entomology. Madras: Government Publications.

·         Roya D.N. and A.W.A. Brown (eds). (1981). Entomology Medical and Veterinary (3^rd ed.). Bangalore:  The Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company.

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PRACTICAL – VII

MAJOR BASED ELECTIVE - 1

PAPER-VII:  Economic Entomology & Pest Management

1.      Collection and identification of important pests and their natural enemies.

2.      Collection of insect pests according to the crops.

3.      Identification, Preparation, Formula and employment of standard insecticides.

4.      Study of different manufacturers of insecticides.

5.      Identify and comments on the spots:  spraying and dusting appliances and apparatus used in insect-pest control.

6.      Class record and viva-voce

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SEMESTER-VI

ZOOLOGY – PAPER - VII

MAJOR BASED ELECTIVE – 2

ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING

CODE: VI # Z7.2                                                                                   Credits: 4 (2L:1T:1P)

 Hours: 6/Week

Objectives: To enable students to

1.      enlighten the students about ornamental fish farming a profitable culture practice.

2.      help the students know about opportunities for theirself-employment.

Unit – I

Importance and scope of ornamental fish culture-Economics.Commercial valueandpotentialtrendsinornamentalfishfarmingintheworldandin India. Budget required for setting up an Aquarium Fish Farm as a Cottage Industry.

Unit – II

Important freshwater and marine ornamental fishes-Indigenous and exotic species-Guppy,Swordtail,Goldfish, Angelfish,Bluemorph,Anemonefish, Butterfly fish, Zebra fish, Koi, Tetra, Molly, Glass fish, Cichlids, Hippocampus and Scat fishes.

Unit – III

Mass  production  of  fancy  fishes:  Preparations  for  breeding –  breeding behaviourofchosenfishes-mollyandfighterfish.Induced breeding.Foodand feeding – Preparation and compositionof formulated fish feeds. Live feeds: rotifers, tubifex. Live fish transport- Fish handling, packing and forwarding techniques.

Unit – IV

Aquarium design,Constructionandpreparation: size,shape, substrate, ornamental aquaticplants. Construction and functions of Bio filters, aerators– accessories for fish tanks – hood and light, nets, suction tube.

Unit – V

GeneralAquariummaintenance–Maintenanceofwaterquality:   controlling ammoniabuildup, pH,feedingregimes.Diseasemanagement:  Common bacterial,viral,fungal,protozoanandcrustaceaninfections,theirtreatment and control.

References Books

·         Day,F. (1978). FishesofIndiaVol.I&II. AAAAA:WilliamDanisan&Sons,India.

·         Gupta, S.K and Gupta, P.C. (2006). General and Applied Ichthyology. New Delhi: S. Chand and company Ltd.

·         Jameson,J.D.andR.Santhanam(1996).   Manualofornamentalfisheries and farming technology. Thoothukudi: Fisheries College and Research Institute.

·         JingranV.G. (1991).FishandFisheriesinIndia. New Delhi:HindustanPublishing Company.

·         Mill Dick, (1993). Aquarium Fish. New York: DK Publishing Company.

·         MitchellBeazley, (1998). Thecompleteguidetotropicalaquariumfishcare. London: Read and Consumes Book Ltd.,

·         MitchellBeazley. (1998). Thecompleteguidetotropicalaquariumfishcare. London: Read and Consumes Book Ltd.,

·         Santhanam,R.,N. SugumaranandP. Natarajan. (1987).A manualofFresh water aquaculture. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,

·         Shanmugam, K. (1992). Fishery Biology and Aquaculture. Madras: Leo Pathipagam.

*****

PRACTICAL - VII

MAJOR BASED ELECTIVE - 2

PAPER-VII:  ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING

1.      Identification of common ornamental fishes and plants. Fabrication of all-glass

2.      Aquarium. Setting-up and maintenance. Aquarium accessories and equipments. Conditioning and packing of ornamental fishes.

3.      Identification of ornamental fish diseases and prophylactic measures.